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This implies that climate change may not only modify the geography of N leaching hotspots, but also the extent by which cover crops can locally reduce pollution risks, in some cases requiring complementary adaptive measures. In contrast for southern (colder) locations, there was a systematic increase in N leaching risks with climate change intensity despite a concomitant, but less than proportional, increase in cover crop effectiveness (up to ~5% of baseline) due to higher winter yields and N uptake. For instance, end-of-century estimates for northern (warmer) locations mostly showed non-significant effects of climate change on cover crop effectiveness and N leaching. Wheat crop model calibration APSIM does not include a cereal rye model and therefore the wheat model (cultivar yecora) was used to approximate rye cover. 21 to 47% of fallow) depending on the climate change scenario. Cover crops reduced N leaching risks for all location/scenario combinations but with large variability in space and time (e.g. The data were also used to evaluate the APSIM-NextGen model (R 2 from 62 to 96% and RMSEr from 7 to 50%), which was then applied to simulate cover crop and fallow conditions across four key agricultural locations in New Zealand, under baseline and future climate scenarios. Field data were collected to quantify ranges of cover crop above-ground biomass (7 to 10 t DM/ha) and N uptake (70 to 180 kg N/ha) under contrasting initial soil conditions. We assess variability and uncertainty of climate change effects on the reduction of N leaching by winter oat cover crops. Steven MD, Biscoe PV, Jaggard KW, Paruntu J (1986) Foliage cover and radiation interception. Sinclair TR, Muchow RC (1999) Radiation use efficiency. European Journal of Agronomy 18, 267-288.
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However, the extent by which winter cover crops will remain effective under future climate change is unclear. (2003) An overview of APSIM, a model designed for farming systems simulation. cash and forage crops) to provide a range of benefits, including the reduction of nitrogen (N) leaching losses to groundwater. Winter cover crops are sown in between main spring crops (e.g.